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| Chapter | 12. Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems |
| Subject | Geography |
| Textbook | India People and Economy |
| Class | Twelve |
| Category | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 |
Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Solutions covers the question and answer of the whole chapter. These solutions will help you to understand the concept of Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems chapter. If you are preparing for your exams then you should not miss this guide. These solutions are based on the curriculum of CBSE and will help you to ace your exams with excellent grades.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 12
Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems Solutions
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below
i) Which one of the following river is highly polluted?
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Satluj
(c) Yamuna
(d) Godavari
Answer) (c) Yamuna
ii) Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution?
a) Conjunctivitis
(b) Diarrhorea
(c) Respiratory infections
(d) Bronchitis
Answer) (b) Diarrhorea
iii) Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?
(a) Water pollution
(b) Land pollution
(c) Noise pollution
(d) Air pollution
Answer) (d) Air pollution
iv) Push and pull factors are responsible for-
(a) Migration
(b) Land degradation
(c) Slums
(d) Air pollution
Answer) (a) Migration
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words
i) What is the difference between pollution and pollutants?
Answer)
Pollution: Contamination of air and water or environment due to increase in sound or deterioration of quality of land leading to a fall in its quality and purity is called pollution.
Pollutants: Those elements of products are called pollutants which deteriorate the quality of land, air or water on getting mixed with it. Some examples of pollutants are radioactive elements, carbon monoxide, solid waste, acids, etc.
ii) Describe the major sources of air pollution
Answer) Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, sewage disposal, etc. are the major sources of air pollution because they add oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons, ammonia, lead aldehydes, asbestos and helium in the atmosphere.
iii) Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Answer) Major problems associated with waste disposal in India are as follows:
- Urban areas are generally marked by overcrowding, congestion, inadequate facilities to support the fast growing population and consequent poor sanitary conditions and foul air.
- Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of enormous growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources.
iv) What are the effects of air pollution on human health?
Answer) Air pollution is taken as addition of contaminants like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke or vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be.harmful to flora and fauna and to property. It causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems. Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution. It proves very harmful to human health. It can also cause acid rain.
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words
i) Describe the nature of water pollution in India.
Answer) Water pollution: Degradation of the quality of water due to indiscriminate use of water is called water pollution. The water becomes unfit for use because of high concentration of suspended particles,organic and inorganic substances. In such a situation, the self-purifying capacity of water is unable to purify the water.
Sources of water pollution:
- Natural sources- Water is polluted by natural agents such as erosion, landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals.
- Human sources-
- Industrial activities: Industries produce undesirable products, polluted waste, water, poisonous gases, chemical residues, heavy metals, dust, smoke. Most of the industries dispose off in running water or lakes.
- Agricultural activities: The use of fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides cause water to the rivers, tanks, lakes and underground water also gets contained. The fertilisers increase the nitrate content of surface water.
- Cultural activities: Such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism cause water pollution.
- Urban activities: The improper sewage disposal and surface run-off causes water pollution.
Effects of water pollution:
- It is a source of various water-borne diseases like diarrohea, intestinal worms and hepatitis.
- It is a great threat to marine ecosystem.
- The potable safe drinking water is declining.
- Groundwater table is also on decline.
- Pollution disrupts the natural food chain.
ii) Describe the problems of slums in India.
Answer) The rapid growth of urbanisation and industrialisation results in the growth of slums. Slums are areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation and lack of basic amenities like water, light and toilet facilities, The slum people belong to the lower income group. They can’t afford permanent houses. That is why they occupy any vacant land available in the city and build their huts. The number of slums are increasing day-by-day. Slum areas are overcrowded. Most of the slum dwellers work in low paid, high risk-prone, unorganised sectors of the urban economy. They are undernourished, prone to diseases and can’t afford to give proper education to their children. Due to miserable financial condition, their children do not go to schools and get trapped in the activities of drug, alcoholism, crime, etc.
iii) Suggest measures for reduction of land degradation.
Answer) The pressure on agricultural land increases not only due to the limited availability but also by deterioration of quality of agricultural land. Soil erosion, water logging, salinisation and alkalinisation of land lead to land degradation. The important measures for reduction of land degradation are-
- Strip farming: It is practice in which cultivated crops are down in alternative strips to prevent water movement.
- Crop rotation: lt is one of the agricultural practice in which different crops are grown in same area following a rotation system which helps in replenishment of the soil.
- Ridge and Furrow Formation: Soil erosion is one of the factor s responsible for land degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridge and furrow during irrigation which lessens run off.
- Construction of Dams: This usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so that soil support vegetation.
- Contour Farming: This type of farming is usually practised across the hillside and is useful in collecting and diverting the runoff to avoid erosion.
That’s it. These were the solutions of NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 – Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems. Our team hopes that you have found these solutions helpful for you. If you have any doubt related to this chapter then feel free to comment your doubts below. Our team will try their best to help you with your doubts.