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| Chapter | 1. Electric Charges And Fields |
| Subject | Physics |
| Textbook | Physics I |
| Class | Twelve |
| Category | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 |
Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions are the excellent practice set for students to ace Physics with better understandings and good marks. With the NCERT Solution for Class 12 Physics, students can confidently answer their exam questions and enjoy the best possible marks in the subject. These solutions are prepared keeping in view the latest syllabus and curriculum. In addition, the solutions are designed keeping in mind the requirements of students. Therefore, students can use these solutions for revision or to score high marks in the final examinations. Let’s get started with the solutions of Chapter 1: Electric Charges And Fields
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1
Electric Charges And Fields Solutions
Exercise
Q 1.1) What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2 × 10–7C and 3 × 10–7 C placed 30 cm apart in the air?
Answer) Given, The Charge on the 1st sphere and 2nd sphere is q1 = 2 x 10-7 C and q2 = 3 x 10-7 C The distance between two charges is given by r = 30cm = 0.3m
The electrostatic force between the spheres is given by the relation :
The force between the charges will be repulsive as they have the same nature.
Q 1.2) The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge 0.4 µC due to another small sphere of charge –0.8 µC in the air is 0.2 N.
(a) What is the distance between the two spheres?
(b) What is the force on the second sphere due to the first?
Answer)
(a) Given,
The charge on 1st sphere (q1 ) and 2nd sphere (q2) is 0.4 µC or 0.4 × 10-6 C and -0.8 × 10-6C respectively.
The electrostatic force on the 1st sphere is given by F = 0.2N.
Electrostatic force between the spheres is given by the relation:
(b) Since the spheres have opposite charges, the force on the second sphere due to the first sphere will also be equal to 0.2N.
Q 1.3) Check that the ratio ke2/G memp is dimensionless. Look up a Table of Physical Constants and determine the value of this ratio. What does the ratio signify?
Answer) The ratio to be determined is given as follows :
where G is the gravitational constant in N m2 kg-2
me and mp is the masses of electron and proton in kg.
e is the electric charge (unit – C)
So, the given ratio is dimensionless.
Given,
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
mp = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Putting the above values in the given ratio, we get
So, the above ratio is the ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force between a proton and an electron when the distance between them is constant.
Q 1.4) (i) Explain the meaning of the statement ‘electric charge of a body is quantised’.
(ii) Why can one ignore quantisation of electric charge when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large scale charges?
Answer i) The ‘electric charge of a body is quantized’ means that only integral (1, 2, …n) numbers of electrons can be transferred from a body to another.
Charges cannot get transferred in fractions. Hence, the total charge possessed by a body is only in integral multiples of electric charge.
Answer ii) In the case of large scale or macroscopic charges, the charge which is used over there is comparatively too huge to the magnitude of the electric charge. Hence, on a macroscopic level, the quantization of charge is of no use Therefore, it is ignored and the electric charge is considered to be continuous.
Q 1.5) When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, charges appear on both. A similar phenomenon is observed with many other pairs of bodies.
Explain how this observation is consistent with the law of conservation of charge.
Answer) When two bodies are rubbed against each other, a charge is developed on both bodies. These charges are equal but opposite in nature. And this phenomenon of inducing a charge is known as charging by friction. The net charge on both of the bodies is 0 and the reason behind it is that an equal amount of charge repels it. When we rub a glass rod with a silk cloth, charge with opposite magnitude is generated over there. This phenomenon is in consistence with the law of conservation of energy. A similar phenomenon is observed with many other pairs of bodies.
Q 1.6) Four point charges qA = 2 µC, qB = –5 µC, qC = 2 µC, and qD = –5 µC are located at the corners of a square ABCD of side 10 cm.
What is the force on a charge of 1 µC placed at the centre of the square?
Answer)
In the above picture, we have shown the square mentioned in the question. Whose side is 10 cm and four charges are placed at the corners of the squares And O is the centre of the square.
Where,
In the above case, the repulsive force between the corner A and the centre O is same in magnitude with the repulsive force by the corner C to the centre O, but these forces are opposite in direction. Hence, these forces will cancel each other and from A and C no forces are applied on the centre O. Similarly, from the corner C the attractive force is applying on to the centre O and another force with the same magnitude is applying on the centre O, also these two forces are opposite in direction hence they are also opposing each other.
Therefore, the net force applying to the centre is zero. Because all the forces here are being cancelled by each other.
Q 1.7)
(i) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. Why not?
(ii) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point.
Answer i) When a charge is placed in an electrostatic field then it experiences a continuous force. Therefore, an electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. And a charge moves continuously and does not jump from on point to the other. So, the field line cannot have a sudden break.
Answer ii) if two field lines will cross each other at any point then at that point the field intensity will start shooing two directions at the same point which is impossible. Therefore, two field lines can never cross each other.
Q 1.8) Two point charges qA = 3 µC and qB= –3 µC are located 20 cm apart in a vacuum.
(i) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two charges?
(ii) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 × 10–9 C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by the test charge?
Answer) The figure given below shows the situation given to us, in which AB is a line and O is the midpoint.
Distance between two charges, AB = 20 cm
Therefore, AO = OB = 10 cm
Total electric field at the centre is (Point O) = E
Q 1.9) A system has two charges qA = 2.5 × 10–7 C and qB = –2.5 × 10–7 C located at points A: (0, 0, –15 cm) and B: (0,0, +15 cm), respectively.
What is the total charge and electric dipole moment of the system?
Answer) The charges which are located at the given points are shown in the co-ordinate system as:
Q 1.10) An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 × 10–9 C m is aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric field of magnitude 5 × 104 NC–1.
Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole.
Answer)
Q 1.11) A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3 × 10–7 C.
(i) Estimate the number of electrons transferred (from which to which?)
(ii) Is there a transfer of mass from wool to polythene?
Answer i) Since the wool is positively charged and the polythene is negatively charged, so we can say that few amounts of electrons are transferred from wool to polythene.
Let number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene be n
So, by using the given equation we can calculate the value of n,
q = ne
Therefore, the number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene is 1.87 × 1012
Answer ii) Yes, Mass is also transferred as an electron is transferred from wool to polythene and an electron particle have some mass.
Here, the mass transferred is too low that it can be neglected.
Q 1.12) (i) Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B have their centres separated by a distance of 50 cm.
What is the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if the charge on each is 6.5×10−7C each? The radii of A and B are negligible compared to the distance of separation.
(ii) What is the force of repulsion if each sphere is charged double the above amount, and the distance between them is halved?
Answer i)
Charge on sphere A, qA = 6.5×10−7C
Answer ii) After doubling the charge,
Q 1.13) Suppose the spheres A and B in Exercise 12 have identical sizes.
A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then brought in contact with the second, and finally removed from both. What is the new force of repulsion between A and B?
Answer)
Distance between the spheres, A and B, r = 0.5 m
Initially, the charge on each of sphere q=6.5×10−7C
When the sphere A is touched with An uncharged sphere C, then half of the charge will be transferred to the sphere C. Hence the charge on both the spheres A and C will be q/2.
After that when sphere C with charge q/2 is brought in touch with sphere B with charge q, then charge on each of the sphere will be divided in two equal parts, is.
Q 1.14) The figure below shows tracks of three charged particles in a uniform electrostatic field.
Give the signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest charge to mass ratio?
Answer) We can see here that the particles 1 and 2 are moving in the direction of the positive charge and we know that the opposite charge attracts each other and the same charge repels each other. So, here we can say that the charged particles 1 and 2 which are going towards the charged particle are negatively charged. And the particle 3 is being attracted towards the negative charge. So, the particle 3 will be the positively charged particle.
The EMF or charge to mass ratio is directly proportional to the amount of depletion or depletion at a given velocity. Here we can see that the particle 3 is depleting more as compared to the other two. Therefore, it will have a higher charge to mass ratio.
Q 1.15) Consider a uniform electric field E = 3 × 10 3 î N/C.
(a) What is the flux of this field through a square of 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the y z – plane?
(b) What is the flux through the same square if the normal to its plane makes a 60 ° angle with the x-axis?
Answer a)
Electric field intensity, E = 3 × 10 3 î N / C
Magnitude of electric field intensity, | E | = 3 × 10 3 N / C
Side of the square, s = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Area of the square, A = s 2 = 0.01 m 2
The plane of the square is parallel to the y – z plane. Hence, angle between the unit vector normal to the plane and electric field, θ = 0 °
Flux ( φ ) through the plane is given by the relation,
φ = | E |A cos θ
φ = 3 × 10 3 × 0.01 × cos 0 °
φ = 30 N m 2 /C
Answer b)
Plane makes an angle of 60 ° with the x – axis.
Hence, θ = 60°
Flux, φ = | E |A cos θ
Flux, φ = 3 × 10 3 × 0.01 × cos 60°
Flux, φ = 30 x 0.5
Flux, φ = 15 N m 2 /C
Q 1.16) What is the net flux of the uniform electric field of Exercise 1.15 through a cube of side 20 cm oriented so that its faces are parallel to the coordinate planes?
Answer) All the faces of a cube are parallel to the coordinate axes. Therefore, the number of field lines entering the cube is equal to the number of field lines piercing out of the cube. As a result, net flux through the cube is zero.
Q 1.17) Careful measurement of the electric field at the surface of a black box indicates that the net outward flux through the surface of the box is 8.0 × 10 3 N m 2 /C.
(a) What is the net charge inside the box?
(b) If the net outward flux through the surface of the box were zero, could you conclude that there were no charges inside the box? Why or Why not?
Answer a)
Net outward flux through the surface of the box, φ = 8.0 × 10 3 N m 2 /C
For a body containing net charge q, flux is given by the relation,
Answer b) No Net flux piercing out through a body depends on the net charge contained in the body. If net flux is zero, then it can be inferred that net charge inside the body is zero. The body may have equal amount of positive and negative charges.
Q1.18) A point charge + 10 μC is at a distance 5 cm directly above the centre of a square of side 10 cm, as shown in Fig. 1.34.
What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square?
(Hint : Think of the square as one face of a cube with edge 10 cm)
Answer) The square can be considered as one face of a cube of edge 10 cm with a centre where charge q is placed. According to Gauss’s theorem for a cube, total electric flux is through all its six faces.
Q 1.19) A point charge of 2.0 μC is at the centre of a cubic Gaussian surface 9.0 cm on edge.
What is the net electric flux through the surface?
Answer)
Q 1.20) A point charge causes an electric flux of – 1.0 × 10 3 N m 2 /C to pass through a spherical Gaussian surface of 10.0 cm radius centred on the charge.
(a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface were doubled, how much flux would pass through the surface?
(b) What is the value of the point charge?
Answer a)
Electric flux, Φ = – 1.0 × 10 3 N m 2 /C
Radius of the Gaussian surface, r = 10.0 cm
Electric flux penetrating through a surface depends on the net charge enclosed inside the body. It does not depend on the size of the body. If the radius of the Gaussian surface is doubled, then the flux passing through the surface remains the same i.e., – 10 3 N m 2 /C.
Answer b) Electric flux is given by the relation
q = total charge contained enclosed by the spherical surface = φ ε 0
q = – 1.0 x 10 3 x 8.854 x 10 – 12
q = – 8.854 x 10 – 9 C
q = – 8.854 n C
Therefore, the value of the point charge is – 8.854 n C.
Q 1.21) A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm has an unknown charge.
If the electric field 20 cm from the centre of the sphere is 1.5 × 10 3 N/C and points radially inward, what is the net charge on the sphere?
Answer) Electric field intensity ( E ) at a distance ( d ) from the centre of a sphere containing net charge q is given by the relation,
Q 1.22) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface charge density of 80.0 μC /m 2
(a) Find the charge on the sphere.
(b) What is the total electric flux leaving the surface of the sphere?
Answer a)
The diameter of the sphere, d = 2.4 m
The radius of the sphere, r = 1.2 m
Surface charge density, σ = 80.0 μC /m 2 = 80 × 10 – 6 C/m 2
The total charge on the surface of the sphere can be calculated as follows,
Q = Charge density × Surface area
= σ × 4πr 2
= 80 × 10 – 6 × 4 × 3.14 × ( 1.2 ) 2
= 1.447 × 10 – 3 C
Therefore, the charge on the sphere is 1.447 × 10 – 3 C
Answer b) Total electric flux ( φ Total ) leaving out the surface of a sphere containing net charge Q is given by the relation,
Q 1.23) An infinite line charge produces a field of 9 × 10 4 N/C at a distance of 2 cm. Calculate the linear charge density.
Answer) Electric field produced by the infinite line charges at a distance d having linear charge density λ is given by the relation,
Q 1.24) Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs and of magnitude 17.0 × 10 – 22 C /m 2
What is E :
(a) In the outer region of the first plate,
(b) In the outer region of the second plate, and (c) between the plates?
Answer) The situation given in the question can be depicted through the following figure.
Parallel plates A and B are placed close to each other as shown in the figure. The region between plates A and B is labelled as II, and outer region of plate A is labelled as I, outer region of plate B is labelled as III.
The charge density of plate A can be calculated as,
σ = 17.0 × 10 – 22 C/m 2
Similarly, the charge density of plate B can be calculated as,
σ = – 17.0 × 10 – 22 C/m 2
In regions, I and III, electric field E is zero. This is because the charge is not enclosed by the respective plates.
Electric field E in region II is given by the relation,
Q 1.25) An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary under a constant electric field of 2.55 × 104 NC–1 (Millikan’s oil drop experiment).
The density of the oil is 1.26 g cm–3. Estimate the radius of the drop. (g = 9.81 m s–2; e = 1.60 × 10–19 C).
Answer)
Excess electron on an oil drop, n = 12
Electric field intensity, E= 2.55 × 104 NC–1
Density of oil, ρ = 1.26 g cm–3
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m s–2
Charge of an electron, e = 1.60 × 10–19 C
Radius of the oil drop = r
Force due to the electric field will be equal to the weight of the oil drop (W)
F = W
Eq = mg
Here,
q = ne = net charge on the oil drop
m = mass of the oil drop
= volume of the oil drop x density of the oil
= (4/3)πr3 x ρ
Ene= (4/3)πr3 x ρ x g
Q 1.26) Which among the curves shown in Fig. cannot possibly represent electrostatic field lines?
Answer a) The field lines are not normal to the surface of the conductor. Therefore, it does not represent electrostatic field lines.
Answer b) In this figure, the field lines are emerging from the negative charge and terminating at the positive charge. This is not possible. Therefore, it does not represent electrostatic field lines.
Answer c) The electric field is emerging from the positive charge and it repels each other. Therefore, the field lines shown represent electrostatic field lines.
Answer d) The field lines shown intersect each other. Therefore, the field lines shown does not represent electrostatic field lines.
Q 1.27) In a certain region of space, electric field is along the z-direction throughout. The magnitude of electric field is, however, not constant but increases uniformly along the positive z-direction, at the rate of 105 NC–1 per metre.
What are the force and torque experienced by a system having a total dipole moment equal to 10–7 cm in the negative z-direction?
Answer)
Total dipole moment of the system, p=q×dl=−10−7 cm
The rate of increase of the magnitude of the electric field along the positive z-direction = 105 NC–1 per metre.
The force experienced by the system is given as
F=qE
F=q(dE/dl) x dl
= p x (dE/dl)
=- 10−7 ×10−5
=−10−2N
The force experienced by the system is – 10−2 N. This is in the negative z-direction and opposite to the direction of the electric field. Therefore, the angle between the dipole moment and the electric field is 180o.
Torque (τ) =pEsin1800=0
Therefore, the torque experienced by the system is zero
Q 1.28)
(a) A conductor A with a cavity as shown in Fig. (a) is given a charge Q. Show that the entire charge must appear on the outer surface of the conductor.
(b) Another conductor B with charge q is inserted into the cavity keeping B insulated from A. Show that the total charge on the outside surface of A is Q + q [Fig. (b)].
(c) A sensitive instrument is to be shielded from the strong electrostatic fields in its environment. Suggest a possible way.
Answer a) A Gaussian surface is considered within the conductor that encloses the cavity. Within the conductor, the electric field intensity (E) will be zero.
The charge inside the conductor is q and the permittivity of free space is ∈
According to Gauss’s law,
Flux, ϕ=E.ds = q/∈0
Electric field intensity, E=0
q/∈0 = 0
The permittivity of the free space, ∈0 ≠ 0
Therefore, the charge inside the conductor, q=0
Therefore, the entire charge appears on the outer surface of the conductor.
Answer b) A conductor B is kept in the cavity and it is insulated from A. Hence a charge – q will be induced in the inner surface of conductor A, this in turn will induce a charge +q on the outer surface of A. Therefore, the total charge on the outer surface of A will be equal to Q+q.
Answer c) The sensitive instrument can be shielded from the electrostatic field by keeping it fully enclosed inside a metallic surface.
Q 1.29) A hollow charged conductor has a tiny hole cut into its surface.
Show that the electric field in the hole is (σ/2ε0) n^, where n^ is the unit vector in the outward normal direction, and a is the surface charge density near the hole.
Answer) Considering that the hole is filled up, then the electric field intensity at a point close to the surface of the conductor is given by Gauss’s law,
Let E1 be the electric field due to the hole and E2 is the electric field due to the rest of the conductor. E1 and E2 are opposite in direction and equal in magnitude since the total electric field inside the conductor is zero.
Q 1.30) Obtain the formula for the electric field due to a long thin wire of uniform linear charge density E without using Gauss’s law.
[Hint: Use Coulomb’s law directly and evaluate the necessary integral.]
Answer)
Consider a long thin wire of uniform linear charge density λ. A point P is taken at a distance r from the midpoint C of the wire. The electric field at a point P due to the wire is E.
Let E be the electric field at point P due to the wire
Consider a small length element dx on the wire with centre O, such that OC = x
Let q be the charge on this element, q = λdx
The electric field at A due to the element is
The electric field (dE) is resolved into two rectangular components dEcosθ and dEsinθ . dEsinθ is the parallel component and dEcosθ is the perpendicular component. When the whole wire is considered, the parallel component dEsinθ is cancelled. Only the perpendicular component dEcosθ affects point P.
The wire is of infinite length. Therefore, A and B are infinite distance apart. Therefore, θ varies from -π/2 to +π/2. The electric field intensity at the point P due to the whole wire is
Q 1.31) It is now established that protons and neutrons (which constitute nuclei of ordinary matter) are themselves built out of more elementary units called quarks.
A proton and a neutron consist of three quarks each. Two types of quarks, the so called ‘up’ quark (denoted by u) of charge + (2/3) e, and the ‘down’ quark (denoted by d) of charge (–1/3) e, together with electrons build up ordinary matter. (Quarks of other types have also been found which give rise to different unusual varieties of matter.) Suggest a possible quark composition of a proton and neutron.
Answer)
Q 1.32)
(a) Consider an arbitrary electrostatic field configuration. A small test charge is placed at a null point (i.e., where E = 0) of the configuration. Show that the equilibrium of the test charge is necessarily unstable.
(b) Verify this result for the simple configuration of two charges of the same magnitude and sign placed a certain distance apart.
Answer a) Let us consider that the equilibrium is stable. Then if the test charge is displaced in any direction it will experience a restoring force towards the null-point. This means that all the field lines near the null point will be directed towards the null point. That is, there is a net inward flux of electric field through a closed surface around the null-point. But according to Gauss’s law, the flux of electric field through a surface, not enclosing any charge, must be zero. Hence, equilibrium cannot be stable.
Answer b) The null-point is the mid-point of the line joining the two charges. If the test charge is displaced along the line from the null-point there is a restoring force. If the test charge is displaced normal to the line the net force takes it away from the null-point. Hence for the stability of equilibrium needs restoring force in all directions.
Q 1.33) A particle of mass m and charge (–q) enters the region between the two charged plates initially moving along x-axis with speed vx (like the figure in question 1.14).
The length of the plate is L and a uniform electric field E is maintained between the plates. Show that the vertical deflection of the particle at the far edge of the plate is qEL2/(2m vx2). Compare this motion with the motion of a projectile in a gravitational field discussed in Section 4.10 of Class XI Textbook of Physics.
Answer)
Mass of the particle = m
Charge on a particle =−q
Velocity of the particle =vx
Length of the plates =L
Electric field between the plates =E
Mechanical force, F = Mass (m) × Acceleration (a)
a = F/m
Electric force, F=qE
Therefore, acceleration, a = qE/m ——–(1)
Time required for the particle to field of length L is given by,
t= distance/time
= Length of the plate/Velocity of the particle = L/vx
In the vertical direction, initial velocity, u=0
The vertical deflection of the particle can be got from the equation
s=ut+(1/2)at2
This is similar to the motion of horizontal projectiles under gravity.
Q 1.34) Suppose that the particle in Exercise 1.33 is an electron projected with velocity vx = 2.0 × 106 m s–1.
If E between the plates separated by 0.5 cm is 9.1 × 102 N/C, where will the electron strike the upper plate? (|e|=1.6 × 10–19 C, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg.)
Answer)
Velocity of the electron, vx = 2.0 × 106 m s–1
Separation between the plates, d = 0.5 cm = 0.5 x 10-2 m
Electric field between the plates = 9.1 × 102 N/C
Electric Charges And Fields
- Charge:- Electric charge is an intrinsic property of elementary particles of matter which gives rise to electric force between various objects. Quantization: Charge is always in the form of an integral multiple of electronic charge and never its fraction.
q= ±ne
where n is an integer and e= 1.6 x 10-19 C. - Conservation of charge:-Net charge of an isolated physical system always remains constant. Charge can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be transferred from one body to another.
Coulomb’s Law
The mutual electrostatic force between two point charges q1 and q is proportional to the product q1q2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r21 separating them.
Where r21 is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to q₂ and k= 1/4πe0 is the proportionality constant.
- An Electric Field Line: – It is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent at each point on the curve gives the direction of the electric field at that point.
- Important Properties of electric Field Lines are:-
- (i) Field lines are continuous curves without any breaks.
- (ii) Two field lines cannot cross each other.
- (iii) Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges – they cannot form closed loops.
- Electric flux :- The total number of electric field lines passing a given area in a unit of time is defined as the electric flux.
The electric flux is represented by a symbol Ѱ (psi)
Gauss Law :-
Gauss Law states that the total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. The electric flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane and perpendicular to the field.
Application of gauss law :-
- In a medium with a dielectric constant of K, the strength of the electric field near a plane-charged conductor E = σ ⁄ K εo. Eair = σ ⁄ εo when the dielectric medium is air.
- At a distance of ‘r’ in the case of an infinite charge line, E = (1 ⁄ 4 × π r ε0) (2π ⁄ r) = λ ⁄ 2π r εo, where λ is linear charge density.
- In a condenser or capacitor, the field between two parallel plates is E = σ ⁄ ε0, where σ is the surface charge density.
- The electric field strength near a plane sheet of charge is E = σ ⁄ 2K εo, where σ is the surface charge density.
- Electric dipole: Two equal and opposite charges (q) each, separated by a small distance (21) constitute an electric dipole. Many of the atoms/molecules are dipoles.
- (i) Electric dipole moment, p=2ql.
- (ii) Dipole moment is a vector quantity and is directed from negative to positive charge.
- (iii) Unit of dipole moment is coulomb metre (Cm).
- (iv) Dimension of dipole moment = [ATL]
- Electrostatic force due to continuous charge distribution :-
The region in which charges are closely spaced is said to have continuous distribution of charge.
- Electric field intensity: The electric field intensity at any point due to source charge is defined as the force experienced per unit. positive test charge placed at that point without disturbing the source charge. It is expressed as
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